The Importance Of Engaging Students With Science - 1881 Words

EDUC 5197: ASSIGNMENT ESSAY WORD COUNT: LIMIT 1500 DON’T FORGET TO DELETE HEADINGS EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGAGING STUDENTS WITH SCIENCE: (355) Science is a powerful way for us to explain how things around us work. But why is it so important for students to study science? Science is everywhere and understanding how it is part of our lives and how it plays a significant role in our lives can assist students in having a solid foundation for success in the future. The rationale of the Australian Curriculum: Science defines science as ‘dynamic collaborative and creative human endeavour arising from our desire to make sense of our world through exploring the unknown, investigating universal mysteries, making predictions and solving problems’ (ACARA, 2012) The Australian Curriculum: Science supports problem solving, curiosity, creativity and imagination in science. There is a clear link between the rationale and the view that the aim of science education is to develop a students’ scientific literacy. Scientific literacy is defined by the Organisation for Economic-Operation and Development (OECD) as The capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions and to draw evidence-based conclusions in order to understand and help make decisions about the natural world and the changes made to it through human activity. The Organisation for Economic -Operation and Development s (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)) Throughout this essay, it willShow MoreRelatedI Am An Educator, One And The Wind And Tossed James 1 : 6 ( King James930 Words   |  4 Pagesone wants to be an educator, one will be â€Å"like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed† James 1:6 (King James). By establishing one’s core beliefs about the purpose of education, the role of an educator, the interaction of the students, and the importance of teaching chemistry, one builds the foundation which directs one in their teaching career. Having a philosophy of education enables the educator to meet the challenges and remain encouraged, focused, and sustain them throughout theirRead MoreWhy I Be A Teacher757 Words   |  4 Pagesanswer to this proverbial question, an educator will be â€Å"like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed† (James 1:6, KJV). By establishing ones core beliefs on the purpose of education, the role of an educator, the nature of the student, and the importance of teaching chemistry one will have the foundation to build a teaching career upon. This philosophy of education will be particularly important to me to encourage, focus and sustain me in my teaching career. According to Noah Webster educationRead MorePracticum Reflection717 Words   |  3 Pagespractice implementing this in my teaching. I have previously learned the importance of reaching this standard; however, I have not had experience of working with this standard in upper elementary grades. Engaging kindergarteners in this way is different than engaging fourth graders. With kindergarteners, the amount of collaboration is different due to maintaining classroom management. By fourth grade, most of the students understand the expectations of behavior, so it is easier to manage the learningRead MoreWhat Are The 3 And Their Meanings?1402 Words   |  6 Pagesform relationships with others and begin to shape who they are and who they can become within their world. †¢ Being recognises the significance of the here and now in childrens lives based on knowing themselves, building and maintain relationships, engaging with life experiences, and embracing everyday life challenges. †¢ Becoming recognises the process and significant change that children develop through in the early years. Children’s identities, knowledge, understandings, capacities, skills, and relationshipsRead MoreUsing Scientific Inquiry Model in High School Biology1339 Words   |  6 Pagesclassrooms today, educators are constantly seeking and implementing engaging lessons that will increase student knowledge and skills. The intent of the activities is to help students become independent learners and use process thinking skills. Students seem to learn best by actually directing their own learning and doing, rather than being led from step to step by the teacher. In science, it is especially important that students learn by inquiry and use more of a hands-on approach to learning scientificRead MoreI Have Collected Artifacts For The Association For Middle Level Education Standards Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagesobserving and engaging in Ms. Mahdi’s 7th grade Science class. It is at this placement that I have collected artifacts for a portfolio to illustrate a competency and achievement related to the Association for Middle Level Education standards. In this portfolio summary you will find various artifacts that help demonstrate these AMLE standards. The AMLE standards as a whole, cover academic growth and set an expectation for middle school teachers to be mindful that their middle school students are continuouslyRead MoreFinal Literacy Statement . I Have Learned A Vast Amount1057 Words   |  5 Pagesskills is vital to anyone s educational process, and in addition can be very beneficial to every subject matter. Proper knowledge in literacy stands as the foundation of learning for students. Without this crucial building block students will tend to struggle or face other challenges. My content area of science relies heavily on efficient literacy skills. According to Allain, R. (2015, August 28). What Does Scientific Literacy Really Mean states that scientific literate individuals will be ableRead MoreMix It Up And Social Studies748 Words   |  3 PagesThere is a social studies focus in the units which gives students the opportunity to compare, contrast and construct relevance for today. Consequently, â€Å"more than 99 percent of experience is fleeting hear and gone†. (Carey, 2014). The brain holds on to only what’s relevant, useful or interesting. Consequently, the unit challenges students to develop their own understanding and connection to the work involved. Decreasing the length of time students need to recall this information from their long termRead MoreFactors Approach To The Professional Learning Community In The Classroom876 Words   |  4 Pageslearning community models that support students learning and retention. The design facilit ates teachers to learn from each other through collaboration and planning to improve students achievement. Professional learning communities (PLC) also focus on the development of staff performance. Gray et al., (2015) propose that there are factors that are critical to the professional learning community. The three factors are enabling school structures, trust, and the importance of academics. In Peppers (2015)Read MoreI Am A Future Educator852 Words   |  4 Pagesnot to educate, but for the paycheck. Students should not have to suffer from the teachers who are not dedicated to teaching; because at the end the students will be tested on what they know at the end of the school year and will fail. I want this ignorance to stop! Students are being negatively affected from poor modeled teaching and I want to make a change to that! I believe that being a future educator is my calling for making changes and inspiring students to reach their full potential. Some of

The Themes in Oedipus Rex Essay - 2792 Words

The Themes in Oedipus Rex Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex, contains one main theme, which this essay will consider. The theme is the general doctrine or belief implicit in the drama, which the author seeks to make persuasive to the reader (Abrams 170). In â€Å"Sophocles’ Moral Themes† Robert D. Murray Jr. cites a critic who is strictly moralist in the interpretation of the theme of Oedipus Rex: Let C. M. Bowra speak for the moralists: The central idea of a Sophoclean tragedy is that through suffering a man learns to be modest before the gods. . . . When [the characters] are finally forced to see the truth, we know that the gods have prevailed and that men must accept their own insignificance.†¦show more content†¦Is the antagoinst within Oedipus in the form of his â€Å"godlike mastery,† as Creon believed? Or is the antagonist weird/wyrd/fate, so that the oracle demonstrates the gods’ power to predestine their creatures? Frank B. Jevons in â€Å"In Sophoclean Tragedy, Humans Create Their Own Fate,† answers these questions: Every action of Oedipus is the natural, necessary outcome of his character and his circumstances, and when peace does come to him, it is from within. . . . the cause of Oedipus’ deeds is not destiny, but circumstances and himself. . . .Sophocles shows how men run on their fate of their own free-will. Oedipus is warned by Apollo of his doom, and he fulfils his doom; but all his acts are his own; neither man nor God can be blamed. The lesson as well as the art of Sophocles is that man’s fate, though determined by the gods, depends on his actions, and his actions on himself and his circumstances (60-61). Based on Jevons judgment, the interpretation of the theme by Bowra and Creon is correct: It is an internal, personal defeat of mastery/pride/hubris within Oedipus himself, and the acquisition of the virture of modesty or humility before theShow MoreRelatedThe Three Themes of Oedipus Rex1106 Words   |  4 PagesThe Three Themes of Oedipus Rex The contrast between trust in the gods oracles and trust in intelligence and pride plays out in Oedipus Rex. Of course, the irony is, that Oedipuss and the oracles’ methods both lead to the same fallout. Oedipuss hunt for truth reveals just that, and the truth confirms the oracles prophecies. Oedipus kills his father and marries his mother. The irony is that the reader knows this from the very start of this Greek drama. There is also irony in the fact thatRead MoreOedipus Rex The Cradle Will Fall Theme957 Words   |  4 Pagesone’s life the matter of fate? 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The madness that they display isRead MoreOedipus Rex: Imagery of Blindness and Sight as a Medium to the Themes1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play, Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, an honourable and admirable Greek king named Oedipus rules the town of Thebes. He is left in ment al turmoil and decay as his unknown, corrupt and immoral past is slowly revealed during his quest to find the culprit who murdered King Laius. The newly exposed past suddenly transforms his glory and respect into shame and humiliation. After he learns about his wicked past he stabs his eyes, which lead to his blindness. During the course of the play, referencesRead MoreFate is the Key Theme in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and in Chekhov’s The Seagull622 Words   |  2 Pagesperson’s control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power. The forgone conclusion of fate is a key theme in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and in Chekhov’s The Seagull. 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Oedipus Rex focuses more so on the concept of fate whereas TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner And Oedipus Rex 1309 Words   |  6 PagesEven as literature has multiple genres, themes can still parallel each other regardless that they will appear in two altogether varying works conceived and written by very different authors and in distinctly separate timeframes. Even as The Kite Runner is written as a work of historical fiction and Oedipus Rex develops a well kno wn and praised Greek tragedy, a theme of betrayal places itself throughout both. Literature demonstrates that morals can genuinely be learned through any method. In bothRead MoreIntrusion Is Defined As A Pushing, Thrusting, Or Forcing?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesstart conflict or end it. Oedipus for example has tons of intrusions! One of the first one’s being Oedipus himself! At the beginning of the play all the Chorus is at the foot of the palace, near the memorial for Apollo. They are all seated there, but the scene does not tell the audience why at first. Oedipus intrudes by coming out of the palace and says â€Å"My children, new-sprung race of old Cadmus, why do you sit at my shrines?† Then the Priest stands up and approaches Oedipus, and explains to him whyRead MoreSimilarities Between Oedipus Rex And The Kite Runner1391 Words   |  6 Pagesor destiny is present? Oedipus Rex and The Kite Runner are both profound works of literature that share two immensely universal themes, those themes being fate/free will and divine justice. These two themes are quite prominent throughout both pieces of writing and serve to facilitate a very humanistic connection between the audience and the story. Although both of these stories consist of the two themes mentioned, they each express them in a unique fashion. Oedipus Rex focuses more so on the conceptRead More The Role of Teiresias in Sophocles Oedipus Rex Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesSophoclesOedipus Rex (the King) Teiresias uses his psychic abilities to foreshadow the anguish and destruction that Oedipus will encounter after he learns the truths of his life. Teiresias is also responsible for further developing the theme of blindness by using his own physical blindness to reveal to Oedipus his mental blindness. Lastly, Teiresias is ultimately responsible for imposing dramatic irony because of his great knowledge of the truth of Oedipus. In the play, Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles

A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management Free Essays

A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management Introduction: This article explores the plethora of literature available on CRM and relationship marketing and emphasizes the need for a single, process-based framework that helps in making a comprehensive CRM strategy followed by its successful implementation. The objective is to highlight CRM’s role in enhancing customer value and, in turn the shareholder value. Various CRM and marketing experts, who provide their views in the article, emphasize the need for a cross-functional, process-oriented approach which identifies three alternative perspectives of CRM within a holistic organizational context. We will write a custom essay sample on A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now They try to identify five key cross-functional CRM processes starting from a strategy development process, followed by value creation process, multichannel integration process, an information management process, and in the end performance assessment process. Based on these 5 pillars, they put forward a new conceptual framework specifying the roles and functions associated with each element in the framework. Summary: CRM is a strategic approach that is concerned with creating improved shareholder value through the development of appropriate relationships with key customers and customer segments. There is a need to develop relationship marketing strategies and IT architecture to create profitable, long-term relationships with customers and other key stakeholders. The article is organized mainly in three parts. Firstly, it explores the three alternative perspectives of CRM. Secondly, it considers the need for a cross-functional process-based approach to CRM where the strategists develop criteria for process selection and identify the five key CRM processes. Next, they propose a strategic conceptual framework that is constructed of these five processes followed by the examination of the components of each process. Hence, CRM can be defined with three perspectives forming a continuum. At one corner is the narrowly and tactically defined particular technology solution, followed by wide-ranging technology (customer oriented IT and Internet), and customer centric approach (holistic approach emphasizing creation of shareholder value) as we move towards right at the other end of the continuum. Processes are the backbone of any initiative or a framework. Absence of a strategic framework for CRM is one reason for the disappointing results associated with many CRM initiatives. The strategic perspective starts with reviewing the following four process selection criteria for marketing and business processes which are now augmented by 2 new additional suggestions. 1)The processes should comprise a small set that addresses tasks critical to the achievement of an organization’s goals. 2)Each process should contribute to the value creation process. 3) Each process should be at a strategic or macro level. 4)The processes need to manifest clear interrelationships. 5) New: Each process should be cross functional in nature. 6)New. Each process would be considered by experienced practitioners as being both logical. The refining of CRM strategy can start with the interaction research as interaction and communication play a crucial role in the various stages of research. It consists of interaction with various executives, meetings and group discussion with emphasis on testing concepts, new ideas, and results. On the other hand, the process identification and CRM framework creation begins with identification of generic CRM processes which are used by an expert panel of experienced CRM executives. The resultant five generic processes are: the strategy development process, the value creation process, the multichannel integration process, the information management process, and finally the performance assessment process. These five key generic CRM processes help form a preliminary conceptual framework which is continuously improved for better business results and increased share value. Next are the business/customer strategy and the value creation processes. The business strategy process can commence with a review of a company’s vision and its relation to the CRM model. It is followed by the review of the industrial and competitive environment. Here the traditional industry analysis is augmented by more contemporary approaches for deeper environmental analysis and the understanding the impact of disruptive technologies. Customer strategy on the other hand, deals with CRM perspective which requires a cross functional approach, especially when different departments are involved in strategy development. Other important facets are information management process and performance assessment. Information management is concerned with the collection, integration and use of customer data and information from all processes. It involves managing assets like the data repository, IT systems and analysis tools. Data repository provides a corporate memory of all customers. Systems include the organization’s computer hardware, software, middleware IT, front office and back office applications like SFA and call center management. Lastly, analysis tools support many activities involved in interfacing directly with customers with technologies like data mining. The article also talks about Multichannel Integration process, which takes into account the combinations of different channels with customer interaction perspective. It takes the outputs of the business strategy and value creation processes and translates them into value-adding activities with customers. It ensures that the customer experiences remains highly positive within those channels. Analysis: Even though, there has been enough emphasis on the cross-functional, process-based CRM strategy framework that aims to help companies, it is mostly based on large industrial companies and not the small and medium sized companies. I agree with the views that the size and complexity of such enterprises are most likely to post big CRM challenges, but small scale initiatives should be considered as well. I concur with objective of the article which deals with a process-based conceptual framework and cross functional approach for strategic CRM model. Also, I agree with argument which has been put forward again and again in the article for the need of an acceptable definition that encompasses all facets. The framework proposed in the article is just a beginner’s model, yet a potentially useful starting point for the development of improved insight into these aspects of CRM theory. But according to me, because of the changing scenarios and fickle nature of market there is still a need for delimiting the domain, agreeing on a definition for CRM, and building a research agenda. I would like to add that certainly there is a need for measure and control the CRM performance. But, at the same time traditional approach for performance measurement systems will not be suitable for cross functional CRM. There have been new initiatives like balanced scorecard which enables a wide range of metrics designs. It consists of shareholder results and performance monitoring. Ideally, it should reflect the performance standards necessary across the five major processes to ensure that CRM activities are planned and practiced effectively and that a feedback loop exists to maximize performance improvement and organizational learning. The article also explores the multiple channels, such as field sales forces, Internet, direct mail, telephony, traditional television, e-commerce and m-commerce, including e-mail to interact with its customers. For example, making use of e-commerce opportunities and the fundamental economic characteristics of the Internet can enable a much deeper level of segmentation granularity than is affordable in most other channels. With the advent of Internet, interactive digital television, mobile telephony and text messaging, wireless application protocol, and 3G mobile services can be utilized in this field. The challenge lies in the ability of strategy to uphold the same high standards across different channels enhancing customer experiences. As far as associated value goes, I believe that outputs of the strategy development process leads to programs that both extract and deliver value and maximizes the lifetime value of desirable customer segments. It includes determining what value the company can provide to its customer along with what value the company can receives from its customers. These value propositions include the relationship among the performance of the product, the fulfillment of the customer’s needs, and the total cost to the customer over the customer relationship life cycle. Like any other initiative, measurement is an integral part through the use of the metrics. The performance assessment sees that the organization’s strategic aims in terms of CRM are in alignment with the acceptable standard and that a basis for future improvement is established. Conclusion: Often, the organizations are plagued by the lack of a widely accepted and appropriate definition of CRM along with the failure to recognize its constitution. This can lead to the failure of a CRM project as this way the organization views CRM from a limited technology perspective or undertakes CRM on a fragmented basis. The plethora of information requires a cross-functional integration of processes, people, operations, and marketing capabilities that is enabled through information, technology and applications. The options provided in the article explore the opportunities like cross-selling and up-selling to acquire or strengthen customer database. To ensure that technology solutions support CRM, it is important to conduct IT planning from the perspective of providing a seamless customer service rather than planning for functional or product-centered departments and activities. On the organization’s front, the focus is on increasing customer lifetime value by determining the variation in potential customer profitability across different customer segments along with the prepositions like customer acquisition and customer retention. How to cite A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management, Essay examples

Robert Burns Woodward Essay Example For Students

Robert Burns Woodward Essay Robert Burns Woodward was born in Boston on April 10th, 1917, the only child of Margaret and Arthur Woodward, of English antecedents. Roberts father Arthur died in October of 1918, at an early age of only thirty-three years old. Robert Woodward was attracted to chemistry at a very early age, and indulged his taste for the science in private activities throughout the period of his primary and secondary education in the public schools of Quincy, a suburb of Boston. In 1933, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from which they excluded him because f inattention to formal studies at the end of the Fall term in 1934. The Institute authorities generously allowed him to re-enroll in the Fall term of 1935, and he took the degrees of Bachelor of Science in 1936 and Doctor of Philosophy in 1937. Since that time he has been associated with Harvard University, as Postdoctoral Fellow (1937-1938), Member of the Society of Fellows (1938-1940), Instructor in Chemistry (1941-1944), Assistant Professor (1944-1946), Associate Professor (1946-1950), Professor (1950- 1953), Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry (1953-1960), and Donner Professor of Science since 1960. After all of these things that he did, its no wonder why he was on his way to a Nobel prize in the near future. In 1963 he assumed direction of the Woodward Research Institute at Basel. In 1965 was when he recieved his Nobel prize for his outstanding achievments in organic synthesis. His studies brought knowledge to the world and opened doors for later scientists that were in his field of organic synthesis. He was a member of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1966-1971), nd he was a Member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science. Robert Woodward has been very fortunate, (which was a little unusual), in the outstanding personal qualities and scientific capabilities of a large proportion of his more than two hundred and fifty collaborators in Cambridge, and latterly in Basel, of whom more than half have assumed academic positions. He has also on numerous occasions enjoyed exceptionally stimulating and fruitful collaboration with fellow-scientists in laboratories other than his own. His interests in chemistry are wide, but the main arena of his first-hand engagement has been the investigation of natural products, or organic chemistry a domain he regards as endlessly fascinating in itself, and one which presents unlimited and unparalleled opportunities for the discovery, testing, development and refinement of general principles. Professor Woodward holds more than twenty honorary degrees of which only a few I listed here: D. Sc. Wesleyan University, 1945; D. Sc. Harvard University, 1957; D. Sc. University of Cambridge (England), 1964; D. Sc. Brandeis University, 1965; D. Sc. Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa), 1966; D. Sc. University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1968;D. Sc. University de Louvain (Belgium), 1970. Some of the awards presented to him I listed here: John Scott Medal (Franklin Institute and City of Philadelphia), 1945; Backeland Medal (North Jersey Section of the American Chemical Society), 1955; Davy Medal (Royal Society), 1959; Roger Adams Medal (American Chemical Society), 1961; Pius XI Gold Medal (Pontifical Academy of Sciences), 1969; National Medal of Science (United States of America), 1964; Willard Gibbs Medal (Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society), 1967; Lavoisier Medal (Society Chimique de France), 1968; The Order of the Rising Sun, Second Class (His Majesty the Emperor of Japan), 1970; Hanbury Memorial Medal (The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain), 1970; Pierre Brnylants Medal (University de Louvain), 1970. Robert Woodward is a member of the National Academy of Sciences; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Honorary Member of the German Chemical .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a , .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .postImageUrl , .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a , .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a:hover , .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a:visited , .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a:active { border:0!important; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a:active , .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7fca8fa4a4c9e20e2059bf56b8995a9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Photosynthesis EssaySociety; Honorary Fellow of The Chemical Society; Foreign Member of the Royal Society; Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy; Corresponding Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences; Member of the American Philosophical Society; Honorary Member of the Belgian Chemical Society; Honorary Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences; Honorary Member of the Swiss Chemical Society; Member of the Deutsche Academe der Naturforscher (Leopoldina); Foreign Member of the Academia Nazionale dei Lincei; Honorary Fellow of the Weizmann Institute of Science; Honorary Member of he Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. Robert Woodwards marriages include Irja Pullman in 1938, who he later divorced, and then married Eudoxia Muller in 1946. He has three daughters: Siiri Anne (b. 1939), Jean Kirsten (b. 1944), and Crystal Elisabeth (b. 1947), and a son, Eric Richard Arthur (b. 1953). Organic Chemistry and the Modern Era Organic chemistry developed extensively in the 19th cent. , prompted in part by Friedrich Wohlers synthesis of urea (1828), which disproved the belief that only living organisms could produce organic molecules. Other important organic chemists include Justus von Liebig, C. A. Wurtz, and J. B. Dumas. In 1852 Edward Frankland introduced the idea of valency (see valence), and in 1858 F. A. Kekule showed that carbon atoms are tetravalent and are linked together in chains. Kekules ring structure for benzene opened the way to modern theories of organic chemistry. Henri Louis Le Chtelier, J. H. vant Hoff, and Wilhelm Ostwald pioneered the application of thermodynamics to chemistry. Further contributions were the phase rule of J. W. Gibbs, the ionization equilibrium theory f S. A. Arrhenius, and the heat theorem of Walther Nernst. Ernst Fischers work on the amino acids marks the beginning of molecular biology. At the end of the 19th cent. , the discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson and of radioactivity by A. E. Becquerel revealed the close connection between chemistry and physics. The work of Ernest Rutherford, H. G. J. Moseley, and Niels Bohr on atomic structure (see atom) was applied to molecular structures. G. N. Lewis, Irving Langmuir, and Linus Pauling developed the electronic theory of chemical bonds, directed valency, nd molecular orbitals (see molecular orbital theory). Transmutation of the elements, first achieved by Rutherford, has led to the creation of elements not found in nature; in work pioneered by Glenn Seaborg elements heavier than uranium have been produced. With the rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers and materials have been added to the market. A fuller understanding of the relation between the structure of molecules and their properties has allowed chemists to tailor predictively new materials to meet specific needs.